Bilinguismo e reconhecimento de fala no silêncio e no ruído em adultos
Bilingualism and speech recognition in silence and noise in adults
Geise Corrêa Ferreira, Enma Mariángel Ortiz Torres, Michele Vargas Garcia, Sinéia Neujahr Santos, Maristela Julio Costa
Resumo
Objetivo: Comparar a habilidade de reconhecimento de sentenças no silêncio e no ruído em indivíduos normo-ouvintes monolíngues, falantes do português brasileiro e, bilíngues, falantes do português brasileiro e do alemão, e do português brasileiro e italiano, bem como analisar a influência do período de aquisição da segunda língua no desempenho dos bilíngues.
Método: Participaram da pesquisa 87 indivíduos entre a faixa etária de 18 e 55 anos de idade, normo-ouvintes, os quais foram distribuídos em: grupo controle, composto de 30 monolíngues falantes do português brasileiro; grupo estudo alemão, 31 bilíngues simultâneos falantes do português e do alemão como segunda língua; grupo estudo italiano, formado por 26 bilíngues sucessivos, falantes do português e do italiano como segunda língua. Por meio do teste Listas de Sentenças em Português Brasileiro, foram obtidos seus Limiares de Reconhecimento de Sentenças no Silêncio e no Ruído.
Resultados: No silêncio, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes de desempenho tanto quando comparados os indivíduos bilíngues e monolíngues como quando comparados os grupos bilíngues. Por sua vez, no ruído, verificou-se diferença significante entre os grupos bilíngues, em relação ao monolíngue. Entretanto, quando comparado o desempenho dos grupos bilíngues, não se observou diferença significante entre eles.
Conclusão: O bilinguismo influenciou positivamente o desenvolvimento de habilidades auditivas, que repercutiram em desempenhos superiores dos bilíngues no reconhecimento de fala na presença de ruído, e o período de aquisição da segunda língua não influenciou o desempenho dos bilíngues.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the ability to recognize sentences in silence and in noise in monolingual normal-hearing Brazilian Portuguese speakers, and bilingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and German, and bilingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and Italian, as well as to analyze the influence of age of second language acquisition on the performance of bilinguals.
Methods: 87 normal-hearing individuals aged between 18 and 55 years participated of this research. They were categorized into: Control Group, composed by 30 monolingual Brazilian Portuguese speakers; German Research Group, 31 simultaneous bilingual native speakers of Portuguese and speakers of German as a second language and; Italian Research Group, consisting of 26 successive bilinguals, native speakers of Portuguese and speakers of Italian as a second language. The Sentence List Test in Brazilian Portuguese was used to measure their Sentence Recognition Thresholds in Silence and Noise.
Results: In silence, there were no statistically significant differences in performance when comparing the bilingual to the monolingual individuals, and when comparing the bilingual speakers among themselves. On the other hand, in noise, there was a significant difference between the bilingual groups and the monolingual one. However, there were no significant differences between the bilingual groups when their performance was compared.
Conclusion: Bilingualism positively influenced the development of language and listening skills, which led the bilinguals to outperform in speech recognition in the presence of noise. Also, the period of a second language acquisition did not influence bilingual performance
Keywords
Referencias
Lewis MP, Simons GF, Charles DF. Ethnologue: languages of the world. 21st ed. Dallas: SIL International; 2018.
Oliveira G. Brasileiro fala português: monolinguismo e preconceito linguístico. Rev Linguasagem. 2009;11(1):1-9.
Mackey W. The description of bilingualism. Can J Linguist. 1962;71(2):51- 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0008413100019393.
Peal E, Lambert W. The relation of bilingualism to intelligence. Psychol Monogr. 1962;76(546):1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0093840.
Blumenfeld HK, Marian V. Bilingualism influences inhibitory control in auditory comprehension. Cognition. 2011;118(2):245-57. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.10.012. PMid:21159332.
Filippi R, Leech R, Thomas M, Green D, Dick F. A bilingual advantage in controlling language interference during sentence comprehension. Biling Lang Cogn. 2012;15(11):858-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1366728911000708.
Soveri A, Laine M, Hämäläinen H, Hugdahl K. Bilingual advantage in attentional control: evidence from the forced-attention dichotic listening paradigm. Biling Lang Cogn. 2011;14(3):371-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S1366728910000118.
Blumenfeld HK, Schroeder SR, Bobb SC, Freeman MR, Marian V. Auditory word recognition across the lifespan: links between linguistic and non linguistic inhibitory control in bilinguals and monolinguals. Linguist Approaches Biling. 2016;6(1):119-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.14030. blu. PMid:29034012.
Freeman MR, Blumenfeld HK, Marian V. Cross-linguistic phonotactic competition and cognitive control in bilinguals. J Cogn Psychol (Hove). 2017;29(7):783-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2017.1321553. PMid:29062472.
Kroll JF, Bialystok E. Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition. J Cogn Psychol. 2013;25(5):1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.799170. PMid:24223260.
Krizman J, Marian V, Shook A, Skoe E, Kraus N. Subcortical encoding of sound is enhanced in bilinguals and relates to executive function advantages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(20):7877-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1201575109. PMid:22547804.
Gresele ADP, Garcia MV, Torres EMO, Santos SN, Costa MJ. Bilinguismo e habilidades de processamento auditivo: desempenho de adultos em tarefas dicóticas. CoDAS. 2013;25(6):506-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/ S2317-17822014000100003. PMid:24626976.
Onoda RM, Pereira LD, Guilherme A. Reconhecimento de padrão temporal e escuta dicótica em descendentes de japoneses, falantes e não-falantes da língua japonesa. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol. 2006;72(6):737-46. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-72992006000600004.
Rogers CL, Lister JL, Febo DM, Besing JM, Abrams HB. Effects of bilingualism, noise, and everberation on speech perception by listeners with normal hearing. Appl Psycholinguist. 2006;27(3):465-85. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1017/S014271640606036X.
Shi LF. Perception of acoustically degraded sentences in bilingual listeners who differ in age of English acquisition. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2010;53(4):821-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0081). PMid:20220026.
Tabri D, Abou Chacra KM, Pring T. Speech perception in noise by monolingual, bilingual and trilingual listeners. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2011;46(4):411-22. PMid:21771217.
Abello-Contesse C. Age and the critical period hypothesis. ELT J. 2009;63(2):170-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccn072.
Raftari S, Bijomi M, Pandion A. The use of dichotic listening to establish the critical period for L2 learning in Iran. Iranian EFL Journal. 2012;8(5):68- 81.
Christoffersen KOD. Does child code-switching demonstrate communicative competence?: A comparison of simultaneous and sequential bilinguals. Arizona Working Papers in SLA & Teaching. 2014;21:20-40.
Kousaie S, Chai XJ, Sander KM, Klein D. Simultaneous learning of two languages from birth positively impacts intrinsic functional connectivity and cognitive control. Brain Cogn. 2017;117:49-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. bandc.2017.06.003. PMid:28648285.
Costa MJ, Iorio MCM, Albernaz PLM. Desenvolvimento de um teste para avaliar a habilidade de reconhecer a fala no silêncio e no ruído. Pro Fono. 2000;12(2):9-16.
Costa MJ. Listas de sentenças em português: apresentação & estratégias de aplicação na audiologia. Santa Maria: Pallotti; 1998. 44 p.
Gullifer JW, Chai XJ, Whitford V, Pivneva I, Baum S, Klein D, et al. Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks. Neuropsychologia. 2018;117:123-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. neuropsychologia.2018.04.037. PMid:29727624.
Von Hapsburg D, Champlin CA, Shetty SR. Reception thresholds for sentences in bilingual (spanish/english) and monolingual (english) listeners. J Am Acad Audiol. 2004;15(1):88-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.15.1.9. PMid:15030104.
Stuart A, Zhang J, Swink S. Reception thresholds for sentences in quiet and noise for monolingual english and bilingual mandarin-english listeners. J Am Acad Audiol. 2011;21(4):239-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.21.4.3. PMid:20388450.
Soncini F, Costa MJ. Efeito da prática musical no reconhecimento da fala no silêncio e no ruído. Pro Fono. 2006;18(2):161-70. http://dx.doi. org/10.1590/S0104-56872006000200005. PMid:16927621.
Wong LL, Cheung C, Wong EC. Comparison of hearing thresholds obtained using pure-tone behavioral audiometry, the Cantonese Hearing in Noise Test (CHINT) and cortical evoked response audiometry. Acta Otolaryngol. 2008;128(6):654-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016480701642189. PMid:18568500.
Yang S, Yang H. Bilingual effects on deployment of the attention system in linguistically and culturally homogeneous children and adults. J Exp Child Psychol. 2016;146:121-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.01.011. PMid:26930166.
Weiss D, Dempsey J. Performance of bilingual speakers on the english and spanish versions of the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). J Am Acad Audiol. 2008;19(1):5-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.19.1.2. PMid:18637406.
von Hapsburg D, Peña ED. Understanding bilingualism and its impact on speech audiometry. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002;45(1):202-13. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/015). PMid:14748649.
Submitted date:
04/10/2018
Accepted date:
21/02/2019
Facebook
Google+
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
StumbleUpon
CiteULike
Reddit
Email